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Definition Clubbing, also known as digital clubbing or nail clubbing, is a physical sign characterized by the bulbous enlargement of the ends of one or more fingers or toes. Pathophysiology Proliferation and edema of connective tissue result in the loss of the normal angle between the skin and nail plate and excessive sponginess of the…
ALF (Acute Liver Failure) Acute liver failure (ALF) is a rare but devastating illness with a high risk of progression to multiorgan failure and death. Failure to identify those in need of emergency liver transplantation results in a potentially preventable death. Many medications can cause liver injuries. Among many drugs, acetaminophen is one of the…
Read More “King’s College Criteria for Acetaminophen-Induced Acute Liver Failure” »
CCS cases are an integral part of the USMLE Step 3 examination. This article will outline a proven strategy to approach the cases during your preparation and during your exam. This strategy has been used by many students and has been proven to be highly effective. IDRCP is the mnemonic you can use for each…
Read More “HOW TO APPROACH CCS CASES IN USMLE STEP-3 EXAM” »
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Inflammation is a complex and important component of the response to biological, chemical, or physical stimuli. The commonly used markers of inflammation include: 1. Albumin (decreases) 2. Blood count: ( reduced lymphocytes, elevated neutrophils) 3. CRP (Increases) 4. D-dimer (Increases) 5. ESR (Increases) 6: Ferritin (Increases) , Fibrinogen (Decreases) The following mnemonic can be used…
This video explains in detail the acetaminophen toxicity
Beta blockers have mortality benefit in patients with HFrEF. Only Bisoprolol, Metoprolol succinate, Carvedilol, & Nebivolol have proven benefits in HFrEF. Carvedilol is a non selective beta blocker and Bisoprolol, Metoprolol, and Nebivolol are cardioselective beta blockers. All patients with HFrEF should be started on the beta blockers as soon as possible. However we need…
Read More “Beta Blockers in Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF)” »
